|
Laws regarding child pornography existed in 94 of the 187 Interpol member states as of 2008, according to research performed by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) Koons Family Institute on International Law and Policy.〔(Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review ), 2008, 5th edition, International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children〕 Of those 94 countries, 58 criminalized possession of child pornography regardless of intent to distribute.〔 This figure does not count legislation outlawing all pornography;〔(Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review ), 2006〕 figures that also include non-specific bans on all pornography would therefore be higher if available. Convictions for possessing child pornography also usually include prison sentences, but those sentences are often converted to probation for first-time offenders. Some nations such as Canada and Australia have laws banning cartoon, manga or written child pornography and others require ISPs (Internet Service Providers) to monitor internet traffic to detect it.〔(Canadian Arrested for Importing Loli-porn Manga ) (4 March 2005, Anime News Network). Retrieved 23 June 2008.〕 The United Nations Optional Protocol on the Rights of the Child requires states to outlaw the "producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing for the above purposes" of child pornography. The Council of Europe's Cybercrime Convention, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, and the EU Framework Decision that became active in 2006 require signatory or member states to criminalize all aspects of child pornography.〔 Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) stated that all signatories shall take appropriate measures to prevent the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials. == International treaties == International obligations to pass specific laws against child pornography "punishable by appropriate penalties that take into account their grave nature" as well as enable extradition, mutual assistance in investigation, and seizure of property were mandated by the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Some of the negotiations and reviews of the process took place at the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children held in 1996 and in 2001. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laws regarding child pornography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|